{"id":9620,"date":"2025-02-05T19:42:11","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T11:42:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/?p=9620"},"modified":"2025-02-05T23:58:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T15:58:42","slug":"%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6-%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e5%b9%b4%e8%a1%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/?p=9620","title":{"rendered":"\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66 | \u5386\u53f2\u5e74\u8868"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u6765\u6e90 TTC. philosophy of science. glossary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5143\u524d6\u4e16\u7eaa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u65ad\u8a00\u6c34\u662f\u201c\u4e07\u7269\u672c\u6e90\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5143\u524d 4 \u4e16\u7eaa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u63a2\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5143\u524d 300 \u5e74<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8bc1\u660e\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5178\u8303\u5df2\u6709 2000 \u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5143 400 \u5e74<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u6982\u7387\u7684\u590d\u6742\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u53f2\u8bd7\u300a\u6469\u8bc3\u5a46\u7f57\u591a<\/a>\u300b(mahabharata) \u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1543<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af\u2022\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u8868\u5730\u7403\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u592a\u9633\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u884c\u661f\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u63d0\u8bae\u3002\u8be5\u4f5c\u54c1\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u4e9a\u65af\u2022\u5965\u897f\u5b89\u5fb7 (Andreas Osiander) \u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u200b\u200b\u8868\u660e\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1583-1632<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u2022\u4f3d\u5229\u83b1\u4e3a\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5b57\u9762\u771f\u7406\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u843d\u4f53\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/a>\u548c\u6446\u9524\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5c06\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5929\u4f53\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u60ef\u6027\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5b9a\u91cf\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1605-l627<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u2022\u57f9\u6839<\/a> (Francis Bacon) \u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u83b7\u5f97\u548c\u589e\u52a0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1609<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5185\u65af\u00b7\u5f00\u666e\u52d2<\/a> (Johannes Kepler) \u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u6761\u884c\u661f\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u6761\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8981\u7b49 10 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1628<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5a01\u5ec9\u54c8\u7ef4<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8840\u6db2\u5faa\u73af\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u51fa\u5fc3\u810f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cf5\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1633-1464<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u89e3\u6790\u51e0\u4f55\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4ed6\u6781\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1660<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6982\u7387\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u5b66\u5728\u5e03\u83b1\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u65af\u5361<\/a>\u3001\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u60e0\u66f4\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u7740\u63a8\u8fdb\u81ea\u7136\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u6210\u5458\u5305\u62ec\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u535a\u4f0a\u5c14<\/a>\u3001\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u00b7\u96f7\u6069\u3001\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u80e1\u514b<\/a>\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u827e\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u725b\u987f\u3002\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u5b9e\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u5deb\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7279\u522b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1661-1662<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6ce2\u4e49\u8033<\/a>\u671d\u7740\u5c06\u5316\u5b66\u4e0e\u70bc\u91d1\u672f\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u8fc8\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u786e\u5b9a\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u538b\u529b\u548c\u4f53\u79ef\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\u3002\u6ce2\u4e49\u8033\u7684\u201c\u5fae\u7c92\u6d3e<\/a>\u201d\u7269\u8d28\u6982\u5ff5\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u2022\u6d1b\u514b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1666<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u827e\u8428\u514b\u725b\u987f<\/a>\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u767d\u5149\u7531\u5149\u8c31\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u989c\u8272\u7684\u5149\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1673<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u83ab\u91cc\u54c0\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u620f\u5267 Le Malade Imaginaire<\/em> \u4e2d\u53d6\u7b11\u9e26\u7247\u8ba9\u4eba\u5165\u7761\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u201c\u50ac\u7720\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1678<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u60e0\u66f4\u65af (Christian Huygens) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5149\u6ce2\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u827e\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u725b\u987f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u5de8\u8457\u300a\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6240\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u660e\u786e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1690<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b<\/a>\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6770\u4f5c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1704<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u827e\u8428\u514b\u725b\u987f\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5149\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\u634d\u536b\u5149\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff08\u6216\u5fae\u7c92\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1709, 1714<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit \u5236\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9152\u7cbe\u6e29\u5ea6\u8ba1<\/a>\uff0c\u4e94\u5e74\u540e\u53c8\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c34\u94f6\u6e29\u5ea6\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1710<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u539f\u7406\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1715-1716<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6208\u7279\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328<\/a>\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u725b\u987f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1738<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daniel Bernoulli \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u6c14\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66<\/a>\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1739-1740<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u536b\u2022\u4f11\u8c1f<\/a>\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba<\/a>\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1750<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carl von Linne\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a Carolus Linneaus\uff09\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u6d89\u53ca\u5c5e\u548c\u79cd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1751<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6770\u660e\u2022\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797<\/a>\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1763<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af<\/a>\uff08Richard Price\uff09\u5c06\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af<\/a>\uff08Thomas Bayes\uff09\u5305\u542b\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u5b9a\u7406\uff08\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u5b9a\u7406<\/a>\uff09\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1769<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u74e6\u7279\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7533\u8bf7\u4e86\u4e13\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1770<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Priestly \u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u4e0d\u71c3\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u201d\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab Antoine Lavoisier \u91cd\u65b0\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u6c27\u6c14\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1777<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u62c9\u74e6\u9521\u6267\u884c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4f2a\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5185\u71c3\u673a\u7684\u71c3\u7d20\u7406\u8bba<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1789<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u62c9\u74e6\u9521\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u8d28\u91cf\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u662f\u5b88\u6052\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5316\u5b66\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u5316\u5408\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1795<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u8d6b\u987f<\/a> (James Hutton) \u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u5730\u7403\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5730\u8d28\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1808<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ea6\u7ff0\u2022\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u7684\u300a\u5316\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u65b0\u4f53\u7cfb<\/a>\u300b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1809<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ba9-\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u83ab\u5948\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u62c9\u9a6c\u514b (Jean-Baptiste Monet de Lamarck) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u663e\u8457\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u62c9\u9a6c\u514b<\/a>\u5f3a\u8c03\u540e\u5929\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1818<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u897f\u8499\u2022\u6cca\u677e\u4ece\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u83f2\u6d85\u8033<\/a>\u7684\u5149\u6ce2\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5706\u5f62\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4eae\u70b9\u7684\u660e\u663e\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u514b\u2022\u963f\u62c9\u6208<\/a>\u51e0\u4e4e\u7acb\u5373\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u6cca\u677e\u4eae\u6591<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1824<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u83b1\u6602\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8428\u8fea\u00b7\u5361\u8bfa (Nicolas Lionard Sadi Carnot) \u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f9d\u8d56\u70ed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1826<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u591a\u6761\u5e73\u884c\u4e8e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u76f4\u7ebf\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1830<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279\u2022\u5b54\u5fb7\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/a>\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u8bcd\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1832<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cca\u677e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5927\u6570\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7248\u672c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7ed9\u6982\u7387\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u9891\u7387\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5212\u6e05\u4e86\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1840<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u60e0\u5384\u5c14\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u6027\u800c\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5f52\u7eb3\u6027\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba<\/a>\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u60e0\u5a01\u5c14\u5c06\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5f15\u5165\u82f1\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1844<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u594e\u7279\u83b1 (Adolphe Quetelet) \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u673a\u4f1a\u6e38\u620f\u548c\u5929\u6587\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u8c0b\u6740\u6848\u6570\u91cf\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1850<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u6731\u5229\u53f6\u65af\u00b7\u4f0a\u66fc\u7ebd\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u52b3\u4fee\u65af (Rudolph Julius, Emanuel Clausius) \u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u5361\u8bfa\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u70b9\u660e\u4e86\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/a>\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1859<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587<\/a>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1861<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5c06\u5149\u51cf\u5316\u4e3a\u7535\u78c1\u8f90\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1866<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u683c\u96f7\u6208\u5c14\u00b7\u5b5f\u5fb7\u5c14<\/a> (Gregor Mendel) \u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u663e\u6027\u548c\u9690\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1869<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u00b7\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u95e8\u6377\u5217\u592b<\/a>\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1870<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc (Ludwig Boltzmann) \u4f7f\u5f97\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u4e0e\u57fa\u672c\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1878<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u51af\u7279<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7406\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1879<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6587\u672c\uff08Begriffsschrift\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6570\u7406\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1887<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. A. \u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u900a<\/a>\u548c E. W. \u83ab\u96f7\u5728\u6d4b\u5f97\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u5149\u901f\u90fd\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672a\u80fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u5730\u7403\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ee5\u592a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1889\u30011892<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G. F. Fitzgerald \u548c H. Lorentz \u72ec\u7acb\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u5907\uff09\u4ee5\u63a5\u8fd1\u5149\u901f\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6536\u7f29\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6765\u89e3\u91ca Michelson-Morley \u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1892<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. S. Peirce \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u8ba9\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1895<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X \u5c04\u7ebf\u662f\u7531 W. C. Rongten \u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1900<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b<\/a>\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5149\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u6210\u675f\u5730\u5438\u6536\u548c\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u5730\u5438\u6536\u548c\u53d1\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1902<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f0a\u4e07\u00b7\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b<\/a> (Ivan Pavlov) \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f2f\u7279\u5170\u00b7\u7f57\u7d20<\/a>\uff08Bertrand Russell\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u8bba\u6307\u79f0\u300b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766<\/a>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u666e\u6717\u514b\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba<\/a>\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6c83\u68ee<\/a> (John Watson) \u63d0\u5021\u5c06\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. L. Wegener \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u9646\u6f02\u79fb\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1913<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c3c\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u73bb\u5c14<\/a> (Niels Bohr) \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u8bba\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6784\u9020\u300b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7531\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7\u7231\u4e01\u987f<\/a> (Arthur Eddington) \u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u661f\u5149\u56e0\u592a\u9633\u5f15\u529b\u800c\u5f2f\u66f2\u8fdb\u800c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1923<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u610f\u63d0\u51fa\u6ce2\u7c92\u4e8c\u8c61\u6027<\/a>\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u5149\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1926<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u62c9\u59c6\u9f50\u5728\u300a\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u6982\u7387\u300b\u4e2d\u4e3a\u5c06\u6982\u7387\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1926<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce2\u6069\u4ece\u6982\u7387\u4e0a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u7535\u5b50\u6ce2\uff1b\u7535\u5b50\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6ce2\u5e45\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u5927\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6ce2\u5e45\u5c0f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1927<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d77\u68ee\u5821\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u539f\u7406\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73c0\u897f\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u66fc (Percy Bridgman) \u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7279\u5f81\u201d(The Operational Characters of Scientific Concepts) \u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73bb\u5c14\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u89e3\u91ca<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u57c3\u5fb7\u6e29\u54c8\u52c3\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6240\u6709\u661f\u7cfb\u90fd\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u5f7c\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rudolf Carnap\u3001Otto Neurath \u548c Hans Hahn \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u201c\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5708\uff1a\u5b83\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sewall Wright \u8ba4\u4e3a\u968f\u673a\u9057\u4f20\u6f02\u79fb\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5907\u6027\u5b9a\u7406\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5f3a\u5927\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u7b97\u672f\u7684\u516c\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u5c06\u6697\u793a\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u903b\u8f91<\/a>\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. J. Ayer \u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ernst Mayr \u51fa\u7248\u4e86 \u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Julian Huxley \u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7efc\u5408\u300b \uff08Evolution: The Modern Synthesis\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7edf\u4e00\u5230\u4e86 R. A.Fisher\u3001Sewall Wright\u3001J. B. S. Haldane \u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u4ea8\u4f69\u5c14<\/a> (Carl Hempel) \u7684\u201c\u786e\u8ba4\u903b\u8f91\u7814\u7a76\u201d(Studies in the Logic of Confirmation) \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u4e4c\u9e26\u6096\u8bba<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u5df2\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hempel \u548c Paul Oppenheim \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8986\u76d6\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u9648\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W. V. Quine \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6559\u6761<\/a>\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

James Watson \u548c Francis Crick \u786e\u5b9a\u4e86 DNA \u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7eb3\u5c14\u900a\u00b7\u53e4\u5fb7\u66fc (Nelson Goodman) \u7684\u300a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u865a\u6784\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u300b(Fact, Fiction and Forecast) \u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u65b0\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e4b\u8c1c\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u9648\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u5185\u683c\u5c14 (Ernest Nagel) \u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u300b(The Structure of Science) \u51fa\u7248\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u5e93\u6069\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J. J. C. Smart \u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba<\/a>\u4e2d\u8457\u540d\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u65af\u9a6c\u7279\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u590d\u82cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murray Gell-Mann \u548c George Zweig \u5206\u522b\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u5938\u514b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8328\u5a01\u683c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u76d6\u5c14\u66fc<\/a>\u5219\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u89c4\u5f8b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u594e\u56e0\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u79cd\u7c7b\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saul Kripke \u5728\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u94fe\uff09\u53c2\u8003\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u51fa\u7248\u4e3a\u300a\u547d\u540d\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970-1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4f0a\u59c6\u96f7\u00b7\u62c9\u5361\u6258\u65af<\/a> (Imre Lakatos) \u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u8bba\u6587\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Jay Gould \u548c Niles Eldredge \u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc (Michael Friedman) \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7531 Frederick Suppe \u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u5df2\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u516c\u8ba4\u89c2\u70b9\u201d\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bed\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8868\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u8c61\u300b\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5f3a\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u5e03\u6d1b\u5c14 (David Bloor) \u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8d39\u8036\u62c9\u672c\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u53cd\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u62c9\u91cc\u00b7\u52b3\u4e39 (Larry Laudan) \u7684\u300a\u8fdb\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u95ee\u9898\u300b(Progress and Its Problems) \u51fa\u7248\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u53cd\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u60b2\u89c2\u5f52\u7eb3\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u9648\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bas van Fraassen \u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u300b \uff08The Scientific Image\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u4e18\u5947\u5170 (Paul Churchland) \u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6d88\u9664\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u95f4\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/a>\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u5c06\u88ab\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u963f\u80af\u8272\u5dde\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728 McLean \u8bc9\u963f\u80af\u8272\u5dde\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6848\u4e2d\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u7b97\u4f5c\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u5305\u62ec\u5173\u4e8e\u5212\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u536b\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u6717\u7684\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\uff1f\u300b\u5524\u9192\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5219\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u6c99\u5e73\u548c\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u8c22\u5f17\u7684\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u4e0e\u6c14\u6cf5\u300b\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n

David Hull \u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u300b\uff08Science as a Process\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u200b\u200b\u8be5\u4e66\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5956\u52b1\u5236\u5ea6\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d77\u4f26\u00b7\u6717\u5409\u8bfa (Helen Longino) \u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u57fa\u5f7b (Philip Kitcher) \u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b(Journal of Philosophy) \u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u827e\u4f26\u7d22\u5361\u5c14\u5bf9\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u8fb9\u754c\uff1a\u8d70\u5411\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u8be0\u91ca\u5b66\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d22\u5361\u5c14<\/a>\u5728\u300a\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6076\u4f5c\u5267\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7684\u9ad8\u6f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

translated from TTC. philosophy of science. glossary
2021’0622<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e 2021-06-22 22:40<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/383050516<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u6765\u6e90 TTC. philosophy of science. glossary \u516c\u5143\u524d6\u4e16\u7eaa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9620","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9620"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9620\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9620"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9620"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9620"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}