{"id":8923,"date":"2024-10-09T16:34:59","date_gmt":"2024-10-09T08:34:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/?p=8923"},"modified":"2024-10-09T21:09:35","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T13:09:35","slug":"%e5%8f%b2%e4%b8%8a%e6%9c%80%e8%91%97%e5%90%8d%e7%9a%8410%e4%b8%aa%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%e5%ae%9e%e9%aa%8c-%e4%b8%ad%e8%8b%b1%e6%96%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.invbus.com\/blog\/?p=8923","title":{"rendered":"\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u8457\u540d\u768410\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c (\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587)\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u3010\u7559\u7f8e\u5b66\u5b50\u3011 \u7b2c1444\u671f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bfc\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u6216\u5047\u60f3\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u548c\u8c1c\u8bed\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7528\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u5728\u5982\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\uff08\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u65e0\u9700\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff09\u7b49\u62bd\u8c61\u9886\u57df\u662f\u6700\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u50cf\u662f\u4e3a\u601d\u60f3\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5927\u9910\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed9\u51fa\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0b\u9762\u662f10\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\uff08The Trolley Problem\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u201d\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6700\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u81f4\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u75af\u5b50\u628a\u4e94\u4e2a\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u4eba\u7ed1\u5728\u7535\u8f66\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u3002\u4e00\u8f86\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u7535\u8f66\u671d\u4ed6\u4eec\u9a76\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7247\u523b\u540e\u5c31\u8981\u78be\u538b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u62c9\u4e00\u4e2a\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u8ba9\u7535\u8f66\u5f00\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u75af\u5b50\u5728\u90a3\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u4e5f\u7ed1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u8003\u8651\u4ee5\u4e0a\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u62c9\u62c9\u6746\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the most well known thought experiments in the field of ethics is the \u201cTrolley Problem,\u201d which goes something like this: a madman has tied five innocent people to a trolley track. An out of control trolley car is careening toward them, and is moments away from running them over. Luckily, you can pull a lever and divert the trolley to another track. The only problem is that the madman has also tied a single person to that track. Considering the circumstances, should you pull the lever?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u6700\u65e9\u662f\u7531\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Philippa Foot\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6279\u5224\u4f26\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9053\u5fb7\u51b3\u7b56\u90fd\u662f\u6839\u636e\u201c\u4e3a\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u62c9\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u62ef\u6551\u4e94\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u6740\u6b7b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u62c9\u4e86\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u540c\u8c0b\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u8981\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u8d1f\u90e8\u5206\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f60\u8eab\u5904\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0b\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u8981\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u91cd\u70b9\u6240\u5728\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u7528\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8868\u793a\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdd\u80cc\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u9053\u5fb7\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\uff08The Cow in the field\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ba4\u77e5\u8bba\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u6c11\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u83b7\u5956\u7684\u5976\u725b\u8d70\u4e22\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u5230\u4e86\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u519c\u6c11\u4e0d\u8981\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u5934\u5976\u725b\u5728\u9644\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u519c\u6c11\u5f88\u76f8\u4fe1\u9001\u5976\u5de5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u4eb2\u81ea\u770b\u4e86\u770b\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u719f\u6089\u7684\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u5e76\u611f\u5230\u5f88\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4f1a\uff0c\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u5230\u90a3\u5757\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u518d\u6b21\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u90a3\u5934\u5976\u725b\u786e\u5b9e\u5728\u90a3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u8eb2\u5728\u6811\u6797\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u5f20\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u7eb8\u7f20\u5728\u6811\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u628a\u8fd9\u5f20\u7eb8\u9519\u5f53\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5976\u725b\u4e86\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5976\u725b\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u519c\u6c11\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u5976\u725b\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the major thought experiments in epistemology (the field of philosophy that deals with knowledge) is what is known as \u201cThe Cow in the Field.\u201d It concerns a farmer who is worried his prize cow has wandered off. When the milkman comes to the farm, he tells the farmer not to worry, because he\u2019s seen that the cow is in a nearby field. Though he\u2019s nearly sure the man is right, the farmer takes a look for himself, sees the familiar black and white shape of his cow, and is satisfied that he knows the cow is there. Later on, the milkman drops by the field to double-check. The cow is indeed there, but it\u2019s hidden in a grove of trees. There is also a large sheet of black and white paper caught in a tree, and it is obvious that the farmer mistook it for his cow. The question, then: even though the cow was in the field, was the farmer correct when he said he knew it was there?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\u6700\u521d\u662f\u88ab Edmund Gettier\u7528\u6765\u6279\u5224\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684JTB\uff08justified true belief\uff09\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u76f8\u4fe1\u5976\u725b\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e14\u88ab\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\u548c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7269\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e5f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77e5\u9053\u5976\u725b\u5728\u90a3\u513f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5976\u725b\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0a\u7684\u3002Gettier\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3aJTB\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\uff08The Ticking Time Bomb\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u65f6\u4e8b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u770b\u8fc7\u52a8\u4f5c\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u80af\u5b9a\u5f88\u719f\u6089\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b8\u5f39\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6740\u4f24\u6027\u6b66\u5668\u85cf\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u5230\u96f6\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u7f81\u62bc\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u60c5\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u70b8\u5f39\u7684\u57cb\u85cf\u70b9\u3002\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u9177\u5211\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u60c5\u62a5\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you\u2019ve paid any attention to political discourse over the past few years\u2014or ever seen an action movie, for that matter\u2014then you are no doubt familiar with the \u201cticking time bomb\u201d thought experiment. It asks you to imagine that a bomb or other weapon of mass destruction is hidden in your city, and the timer on it will soon strike zero. You have in your custody a man with knowledge of where the device is planted. Do you resort to torture in order to get him to give up the information?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0e\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u60c5\u666f\u4e5f\u662f\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u5f84\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bf4\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u9177\u5211\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b83\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u5f62\u52bf\u4e0b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e25\u7981\u8650\u56da\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u50cf\u300a24\u5c0f\u65f6\u300b\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u8282\u76ee\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u60c5\u666f\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4eca\u5e74\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u4efd\u82f1\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u63d0\u8bae\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u90a3\u4e2a\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u9177\u5211\u6beb\u65e0\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f53\u5c40\u8005\u662f\u5426\u613f\u610f\u62f7\u6253\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u513f\u5973\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u60c5\u62a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5149\u7ebf\uff08Einstein\u2019s Light Beam\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8457\u540d\u7684\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u662f\u53d7\u542f\u4e8e\u4ed616\u5c81\u505a\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u56de\u5fc6\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u5e7b\u60f3\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u8ffd\u5bfb\u4e00\u9053\u5149\u7ebf\u3002\u4ed6\u63a8\u7406\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u5149\u901f\u5728\u5149\u7ebf\u65c1\u8fb9\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u770b\u5230\u5149\u7ebf\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65ad\u632f\u8361\u4f46\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u573a\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5e94\u8be5\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5730\u7403\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s a little known fact that Albert Einstein\u2019s famous work on special relativity was spurred by a thought experiment he conducted when he was only 16 years old. In his book Autobiographical Notes, Einstein recalls how he once daydreamed about chasing a beam of light as it traveled through space. He reasoned that if he were able to move next to it at the speed of light, he should be able to observe the light frozen in space as \u201can electromagnetic field at rest though spatially oscillating.\u201d For Einstein, this thought experiment proved that for his imaginary observer \u201ceverything would have to happen according to the same laws as for an observer who, relative to the Earth, was at rest.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u4eba\u786e\u5207\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u5982\u6b64\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5b8c\u6210\u5230\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u8fd9\u5982\u6b64\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u98de\u8dc3\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u201c\u4ee5\u592a\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u8fdd\u80cc\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u597d\u591a\u5e74\u624d\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\uff08The Ship of Theseus\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u4e3a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u51fa\u81ea\u666e\u9c81\u5854\u514b\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u8258\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u822a\u884c\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u8239\uff0c\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u7684\u7ef4\u4fee\u548c\u66ff\u6362\u90e8\u4ef6\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u5757\u6728\u677f\u8150\u70c2\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\u6389\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u90e8\u4ef6\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e86\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fd9\u8258\u8239\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u662f\u539f\u6765\u7684\u90a3\u8258\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u8258\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8239\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u6765\u7684\u8239\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5b83\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u539f\u6765\u7684\u8239\u4e86\uff1f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Thomas Hobbes\u540e\u6765\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u6765\u4e86\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\u4e0a\u53d6\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8001\u90e8\u4ef6\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u8258\u65b0\u7684\u8239\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e24\u8258\u8239\u4e2d\u54ea\u8258\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the oldest of all thought experiments is the paradox known as the Ship of Theseus, which originated in the writings of Plutarch. It describes a ship that remained seaworthy for hundreds of years thanks to constant repairs and replacement parts. As soon as one plank became old and rotted, it would be replaced, and so on until every working part of the ship was no longer original to it. The question is whether this end product is still the same Ship of Theseus, or something completely new and different. If it\u2019s not, at what point did it stop being the same ship? The Philosopher Thomas Hobbes would later take the problem even further: if one were to take all the old parts removed from the Ship of Theseus and build a new ship from them, then which of the two vessels is the real Ship of Theseus?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u7279\u4fee\u65af\u4e4b\u8239\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7b49\u4e8e\u5176\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u4ef6\u4e4b\u548c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e50\u961f\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u67d0\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u4e50\u961f\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5e76\u8d2d\u548c\u66f4\u6362\u4e1c\u5bb6\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u6765\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4f53\uff0c\u4eba\u4f53\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u590d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8feb\u4eba\u4eec\u53bb\u53cd\u601d\u8eab\u4efd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e38\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7684\u91cd\u529b\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08Galileo\u2019s Gravity Experiment)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u9a73\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4f53\u901f\u5ea6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u6784\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f7b\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u5854\u4e0a\u4e22\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u4e0b\u843d\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ef3\u5b50\u4f1a\u88ab\u62c9\u76f4\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u8f7b\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u5bf9\u91cd\u7269\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e0b\u843d\u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u6162\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u90fd\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u843d\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u6700\u5feb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the earliest thought experiments originated with the physicist and astronomer Galileo. In order to refute Aristotle\u2019s claim that the speed of a falling object is dictated by its mass, Galileo devised a simple mental example: According to Aristotelian logic, if a light object and a heavy object were tied together and dropped off a tower, then the heavier object would fall faster, and the rope between the two would become taut. This would allow the lighter object to create drag and slow the heavy one down. But Galileo reasoned that once this occurs, the weight of the two objects together should be heavier than the weight of either one by itself, therefore making the system as a whole fall faster. That this is a contradiction proved that Aristotle\u2019s hypothesis was wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u963b\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7269\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4f53\u7684\u901f\u7387\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\uff08Monkeys and Typewriters\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5360\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u9650\u7334\u5b50\u5b9a\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u5728\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u4e0a\u968f\u673a\u6253\u5b57\uff0c\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u65e0\u9650\u4e45\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u6253\u51fa\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u88ab\u6cd5\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6Emile Borel\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u65e0\u6570\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\/\u6240\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another thought experiment that gets a lot of play in popular culture is what is known as the \u201cinfinite monkey theorem.\u201d Also known as the \u201cmonkeys and typewriters\u201d experiment, the theorem states that if an infinite number of monkeys were allowed to randomly hit keys on an infinite number of typewriters for an infinite amount of time, then at some point they would \u201calmost surely\u201d produce the complete works of Shakespeare. The monkeys and typewriters idea was popularized in the early 20th century by the French mathematician Emile Borel, but its basic idea\u2014that infinite agents and infinite time will randomly produce anything and everything\u2014dates back to Aristotle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u201d\u5b9a\u7406\u662f\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u8111\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u7334\u5b50\u5b9a\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002\u7334\u5b50\u80fd\u78b0\u5de7\u5199\u51fa\u300a\u54c8\u59c6\u96f7\u7279\u300b\u8fd9\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u91cd\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u963b\u6b62\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff1a2003\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u82f1\u56fd\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u201c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u201d\u4e86\u65e0\u9650\u7334\u5b50\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u4e00\u53f0\u7535\u8111\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u952e\u76d8\u653e\u8fdb\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u56ed\u533a\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7334\u5b50\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6253\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u5341\u56db\u884c\u8bd7\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u6253\u51fa\u4e865\u9875\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5b57\u6bcd\u201cs\u201d\u7684\u7eb8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4\uff08The Chinese Room\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4\u201d\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6John Searle\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4f4d\u53ea\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u5904\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u95f4\u623f\u95f4\u9664\u4e86\u95e8\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7a97\u53e3\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u968f\u8eab\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u672c\u5199\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4e66\u3002\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u8fd8\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7a3f\u7eb8\u3001\u94c5\u7b14\u548c\u6a71\u67dc\u3002\u5199\u7740\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u7eb8\u7247\u901a\u8fc7\u5c0f\u7a97\u53e3\u88ab\u9001\u5165\u623f\u95f4\u4e2d\u3002\u6839\u636eSearle\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u6765\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u5b57\u5e76\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u56de\u590d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6587\uff0cSearle\u8ba4\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4efb\u4f55\u623f\u95f4\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8bf4\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Chinese Room is a famous thought experiment first proposed in the early 1980s by John Searle, a prominent American philosopher. The experiment asks you to imagine that an English speaking man has been placed in a room that is entirely sealed, save for a small mail slot in the chamber door. He has with him a hard copy in English of a computer program that translates the Chinese language. He also has plenty of spare scratch paper, pencils, and file cabinets. Pieces of paper containing Chinese characters are then slipped through the slot in the door. According to Searle, the man should be able to use his book to translate them and then send back his own response in Chinese. Although he doesn\u2019t speak a word of the language, Searle argues that through this process the man in the room could convince anyone on the outside that he was a fluent speaker of Chinese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Searle \u521b\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u53cd\u9a73\u7535\u8111\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u6b63\u601d\u8003\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6587\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4ee5\u4e2d\u6587\u4e3a\u6bcd\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u80fd\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6587\u3002\u6839\u636eSearle\uff0c\u7535\u8111\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u7684\u732b\uff08Schrodinger\u2019s Cat\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u7684\u732b\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u53ea\u732b\u3001\u4e00\u4e9b\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u4e00\u74f6\u6bd2\u6c14\u4e00\u8d77\u88ab\u5c01\u95ed\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u5185\uff0c\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5143\u7d20\u8870\u53d8\u7684\u51e0\u7387\u4e3a50%\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8870\u53d8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u76d6\u9769\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u9524\u5b50\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u89e6\u53d1\uff0c\u5e76\u6253\u788e\u74f6\u5b50\uff0c\u91ca\u653e\u6bd2\u6c14\uff0c\u6740\u6b7b\u732b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4f1a\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u76d2\u5b50\u88ab\u6253\u5f00\u524d\uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u732b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u65e2\u6b7b\u53c8\u6d3b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s Cat is a paradox relating to quantum mechanics that was first proposed by the physicist Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger. It concerns a cat that is sealed inside a box for one hour along with a radioactive element and a vial of deadly poison. There is a 50\/50 chance that the radioactive element will decay over the course of the hour. If it does, then a hammer connected to a Geiger counter will trigger, break the vial, release the poison, and kill the cat. Since there is an equal chance that this will or will not happen, Schr\u00f6dinger argued that before the box is opened the cat is simultaneously both alive and dead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u732b\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u5176\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff08\u65e2\u6b7b\u53c8\u6d3b\uff09\u3002\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5728\u56de\u590d\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ba8\u8bba\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\u3002\u859b\u5b9a\u9537\u7684\u732b\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u4ee4\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u56e0\u5176\u590d\u6742\u6027\u800c\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u5c31\u5c5e \u201c\u591a\u91cd\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bf4\u8868\u793a\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u6b7b\u732b\u548c\u4e00\u53ea\u6d3b\u732b\uff0c\u4e24\u53ea\u732b\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4ea4\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7f38\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u8111\uff08Brain in a Vat\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u7f38\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u8111\u201d\u5047\u8bf4\u66f4\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u8ba4\u77e5\u5b66\u5230\u54f2\u5b66\u5230\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\uff1a\u60f3\u8c61\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u75af\u72c2\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u628a\u4f60\u7684\u5927\u8111\u4ece\u4f60\u7684\u4f53\u5185\u53d6\u51fa\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u7ef4\u6301\u6db2\u4f53\u4e2d\u3002\u5927\u8111\u4e0a\u63d2\u7740\u7535\u6781\uff0c\u7535\u6781\u8fde\u5230\u4e00\u53f0\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u7535\u8111\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4f60\u7684\u5927\u8111\u6765\u5904\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u53f0\u7535\u8111\u5c31\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u6a21\u62df\u4f60\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f60\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u4f60\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u53f0\u7535\u8111\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u6a21\u62df\u73af\u5883\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There has been no more influential thought experiment than the so-called \u201cbrain in a vat\u201d hypothesis, which has permeated everything from cognitive science and philosophy to popular culture. The experiment asks you to imagine a mad scientist has taken your brain from your body and placed it in a vat of some kind of life sustaining fluid. Electrodes have been connected to your brain, and these are connected to a computer that generates images and sensations. Since all your information about the world is filtered through the brain, this computer would have the ability to simulate your everyday experience. If this were indeed possible, how could you ever truly prove that the world around you was real, and not just a simulation generated by a computer?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u50cf\u300a\u9ed1\u5ba2\u5e1d\u56fd\u300b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u8bf4\u5bf9\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5e7b\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u521b\u4f5c\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u8d28\u7591\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u601d\u8003\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6700\u521d\u539f\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u76f4\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300aMeditations on the First Philosophy\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u80fd\u5426\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4f53\u9a8c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u4e2a\u201c\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u9b54\u9b3c\u201d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u540d\u8a00 \u201c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u201d\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u7f38\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u8111\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fde\u63a5\u7740\u7535\u6781\u7684\u5927\u8111\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u601d\u8003\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u7740\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b64\u5b9e\u9a8c\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u6709\u529b\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4f60\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u7559\u7f8e\u5b66\u5b50\u3011\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u8457\u540d\u768410\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5305\u62ec:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u3001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u3001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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